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Objective To analyze the factors influencing the levels of occupational exposure in medical radiation workers in China, and to provide a scientific basis for determining the key points of radiation protection in the medical sector. Methods The individual monitoring data on occupational external exposure in medical radiation workers in 2021 were collected from the “National Individual Dose Registry”. The Chi-squared test and logistic regression were used to analyze the factors influencing the levels of occupational exposure in medical radiation workers. Results The Chi-squared test showed that gender, occupational category, medical institution category, region, number of radiation workers per thousand population, and regional per capita GDP were significantly associated with occupational exposure in medical radiation workers exceeding the annual effective dose of 5 mSv and an annual effective dose limit of 20 mSv (χ2 = 21.456−262.329, 7.601−78.650, P < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis further showed that gender, occupational category, region, and number of radiation workers per thousand population were factors influencing the occupational exposure in medical radiation workers exceeding the annual effective dose of 5 mSv (χ2 = 14.621−170.857, P < 0.05); gender, occupational category, region, and regional per capita GDP were factors influencing the occupational exposure in medical radiation workers exceeding the annual effective dose of 20 mSv (χ2 = 5.401−48.709, P < 0.05). Conclusion Male radiation workers in interventional radiology and in central China have high risks of exceeding annual effective doses of 5 and 20 mSv. Moreover, high number of radiation workers per thousand population and regional per capita GDP are associated with low risks. Medical institutions should maintain a sufficient number of radiation workers and strengthen training on radiation protection knowledge for male and interventional radiology workers to enhance their radiation protection awareness. Investigation of the factors contributing to the high occupational exposure in central China should be intensified, and targeted effective measures should be conducted to reduce the occupational exposure in medical radiation workers.
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Objective To establish a model for estimating the eye lens dose of the first operator in interventional therapy based on the Monte Carlo simulation, and to provide a scientific basis for the rapid and accurate evaluation of the eye lens dose for radiation workers in interventional therapy. Methods Based on the MIRD phantom and eye model for adult Chinese males, the MCNPX program was used to establish the physical model to calculate the spatial distribution of radiation field and eye lens dose for the first operator. A GR200 Type A LiF (Mg, Cu, P) thermoluminescence dosimeter was used for experimental measurement to verify the simulation results. Results Monte Carlo simulation and experimental measurements showed that the spatial distribution of radiation field was symmetrical. Compared with the measured doses, the errors of the simulated eye lens dose of the first operator were between −8.3% and 7.3%. The dose of the left eye lens was higher than that of the right eye. Conclusion The Monte Carlo model constructed in this study initially realizes the simulation of eye lens dose of the first operator in interventional therapy. In the future, the model will be further optimized based on irradiation parameters such as exposure time, tube voltage, tube current, and projection direction used in clinic practice, so as to more accurately evaluate the eye lens dose of interventional therapy staff.
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Platelets play an important role in hemostasis, inflammation, tumor metastasis, wound healing and defense response, but its routine storage requires a specific temperature and the storage time is generally limited to 5 ~7 d, at the same time, platelet storage damage and bacterial breeding will limit its storage time. In addition, routine transfusion can cause serious adverse reactions such as non-hemolytic fever, allergies, circulatory overload, and transfusion-related acute lung injury. These limit the clinical application of platelet products. However, additives associated with platelet preservation can reduce the likelihood of their occurrence. Therefore, this article reviews the research status of additives related to platelet preservation in recent years, as well as improving platelet storage damage and improving platelet preservation characteristics.
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Objective:To investigate the molecular network of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in Yunnan Province and the factors influencing it.Methods:Demographic data and plasma samples of HIV/AIDS patients in Yunnan drug resistance monitoring database from 2018 to 2021 were collected. HIV-1 pol gene fragments (protease and reverse transcriptase region) were amplified using RT-PCR and then sequenced. The optimal gene distance was selected and a molecular network was constructed based on the sequences of CRF01_AE genotype. Results:In this study, a total of 967 sequences of CRF01_AE genotype were obtained by sequencing. At the optimal gene distance threshold of 1.75%, a total of 320 sequences were involved in the network with a rate of 33.1%, and 84 clusters were identified. In the regional distribution, one cluster dominated by multiple regions, one cluster dominated by Zhaotong, one cluster dominated by Honghe and five clusters dominated by Wenshan were formed in the network. In the network, 75.8% of heterosexual men were connected with other heterosexual men and 54.1% were connected with heterosexual women. There was potential transmission among 66.7% of men who have sex with men (MSM). HIV/AIDS patients in Chuxiong, Dali, Dehong, Honghe, Lincang, Pu′er, Wenshan, Yuxi and Zhaotong were more likely to be involved in the network that those in Kunming. People who were 50 years old and above were more likely to be involved in the network than those less than 25 years old. Factors influencing HIV/AIDS patients with HIV-1 CRF01_AE infection to become high-risk transmitters in Yunnan were not found and further study on this subject was needed.Conclusions:HIV-1 CRF01_AE strains had spread actively in different regions of Yunnan Province and the transmission network was complex. Dynamic monitoring of CRF01_AE strains should be strengthened and a precise intervention for high-risk transmitters should be performed to reduce new infections.
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Objective:To analyze the influencing factors on initial testing qualified rate of condition monitoring of digital radiography (DR) devices in China and provide the scientific basis for key points of national medical radiation protection monitoring work.Methods:The data of quality control detection of DR devices, reported by 31 provinces in 2020, were collected from National Radiation Health Information Platform-National Medical Radiation Protection Monitoring System. Logistic regression was used to analyze the related influencing factors of initial testing qualified rate of condition monitoring of DR devices.Results:The result of logistic regression analysis showed that the nature of radiological health technical service institutions, the level of medical and health institution and the regions where they are located in China were the independent influencing factors of initial testing qualified rate of condition monitoring of DR devices ( χ2=15.41-21.18, P < 0.05). Private institution group ( OR=1.714, 95% CI: 1.310-2.243), tertiary hospital group ( OR=1.710, 95% CI: 1.310-2.232) and secondary hospital group ( OR=1.540, 95% CI: 1.203-1.971) had a higher qualified probability of DR devices, while western region group ( OR=0.670, 95% CI: 0.526-0.852) had a lower qualified probability of DR devices. Conclusions:Supervision on quality control of DR devices should be strengthened, such as strengthening the random inspection and double-check to the devices. And great attention should be paid to the quality control testing of DR devices in the western China and in the primary and ungraded hospitals.
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Objective:To develop an information system for testing radiological protection that can interface with National Radiation Health Information Platform/Medical Radiation Monitoring Subsystem and to improve the testing efficiency.Methods:Complying with the relevant national regulations and standards, the analysis was carried out of demand investigation and system modeling. An information system for testing radiological protection was established using B/S architecture, comprising three modules such as testing, audit and system management. The users at four levels were set of administrator, inspector, auditor and report issuer.Results:Based on test result, the developed information system has been shown to realize the informatization of the whole process from filling, auditing, issuing, issuing of the testing report to data uploading, with improved testing efficiency.Conclusions:The developed information system for testing radiological protection can improve the testing efficiency, and can be successfully interfaced with the National Radiation Health Information Platform/Medical Radiation Protection Monitoring Subsystem.
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Objective To propose a computer recognition algorithm for solid nuclear track images based on the machine learning method, and to realize the automatic, fast and accurate recognition of nuclear tracks and improve the efficiency of solid track image analysis. Methods Firstly, 143 images containing tracks were scanned by morphological method to determine the location of suspected tracks, and 1250 material images were captured. 50% of the material were selected as the training set and 30% as the validation set for training the machine learning model. Another 20% of the material were selected as the test set for testing the model recognition result. The algorithm code was written and trained based on the MATLAB software. Results The established solid track recognition algorithm had a strong recognition capability, and the recognition accuracy of the test set could reach 84.8%. The machine learning model program constructed by the algorithm could evolve continuously with the input of training data, further improving the accuracy. Conclusion Based on image morphology and machine learning, the track recognition algorithm was investigated, by which the automatic recognition of solid tracks was better realized. In the future, we will increase the data input of the model, optimize the algorithm, and improve the recognition accuracy, in order to provide a more accurate and efficient method for automatic image track recognition.
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The high-energy particles from the sun and from outside the solar system and then enter the Earth′s atmosphere and interact with the nuclei of atmospheric constituents, leading to secondary cosmic rays, which are the main radiation source to aircrew. Routine individual monitoring or dose estimation for aircrew is necessary because of the high level exposure to radiation. However, dose monitoring for aircrew is not a simple task due to the complex components of cosmic ray radiation field. To protect occupational health of aircrew, it is important to seek appropriate dose monitoring method and to be aware of cosmic radiation level. This review gives an overview of dose monitoring method, dose calculation method, and dose levels of occupational exposure of aicrew from cosmic rays, in order to provide new input for strengthening dose monitoring and health management of aircrew in China.
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Objective:To investigate the risk factors of postpartum embryo residues associated with uterine arteriovenous fistula.Methods:From January 2000 to December 2020, 26 cases of postpartum embryo residue complicated with uterine arteriovenous fistula in Tangshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital were selected as the case group, and 32 cases of postpartum embryo residue without uterine arteriovenous fistula were selected as control group.Both the case group and the control group had embryo residue in cesarean scar.Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis were used to screen the risk factors of postpartum embryo residue combined with uterine arteriovenous fistula.Results:There were 26 patients in the case group, including 3 patients after medical abortion, 17 patients after artificial abortion, 2 patients after cesarean section, and 4 patients after mid-term induced labor.There were 32 patients in the control group, including 7 patients after medical abortion, 11 patients after induced abortion, 8 patients after cesarean section, and 6 patients after mid-term induced labor.There were 11 patients in the case group and 3 patients in the control group.Univariate analysis showed that: the occurrence of postpartum embryo residue combined with uterine arteriovenous fistula was related to the time of vaginal bleeding, HCG value before and after treatment, hemoglobin value before treatment, platelet count and residual embryo area(all P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the increase of hCG before treatment ( OR 20.319, 95% CI 1.348-306.187) and the decrease of hemoglobin before treatment ( OR 0.870, 95% CI 0.788-0.960) were the independent risk factors of postpartum embryo residue combined with uterine arteriovenous fistula (all P<0.05). Conclusion:The risk factors of uterine arteriovenous fistula in postpartum embryo residue patients with elevated hCG value and decreased hemoglobin value before treatment should be highly vigilant to reduce the rate of clinical missed diagnosis.
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Objective:To investigate the levels of dose to eye lens of interventional radiology workers in China from 2017 to 2019.Methods:The monitoring data on eye lens doses to the interventional radiology workers in 28 provinces across the country were collected from National Individual Dose Registry. Monitoring was carried out using TLDs on their left eyes and evaluated in terms of the personal dose equivalent Hp(3). By using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test, statistical analyses were made of the average annual lens doses to interventional radiology workers in the hospitals of different types at different levels for different years. Results:From 2017 to 2019, the data on eye lens doses to 2 981 interventional radiology workers were collected, with doses ranging from below the minimum detectable level (MDL) to 64.48 mSv, the average annual eye dose of 1.38 mSv, and the annual doses incurred by 0.97% monitored workers exceeding the recently recommended dose limits, 20 mSv per year. The average annual lens dose monitored in general hospitals and in cancer hospitals were 1.33 and 1.77 mSv, respectively, without statistically significant difference ( P>0.05). The average annual lens dose in tertiary hospitals was 1.39 mSv, significantly higher than that in secondary hospitals where the value was 1.16 mSv ( Z=2.894, P<0.05). Conclusions:The estimated annual eye lens doses to the interventional radiology workers during 2017-2019 were in accordance with the current national standard GB 18871-2002, but with a few exceptions exceeding the current international standards. This means that there exists, to a certain degree, a potential risk for the eye lens in this work category to exceed the international limits. It is suggested to continue in effort to enhance the monitoring of eye lens dose for these workers and to increase risk awareness, and take effective protective measures so as to lower the level of eye lens doses.
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Objective:To ascertain the levels of individual doses to radiation workers arising from occupationally external exposure in China in 2017, with an aim to provide basic data and scientific basis for prevention and control of occupational radiation sickness.Methods:Data on individual doses to monitored workers engaged in medical and industrial applications of radiation sources were collected through National Individual Dose Registry, with statistical analysis being carried out using Kruskal-Wallis H test, Mann-Whitney U test and Bonferroni method. Results:A total of 361 727 radiation workers were investigated in 2017, of which 81.6% was from medical application and 18.4% from industrial application, respectively. The average annual effective dose from medical and industrial applications were 0.353 and 0.270 mSv, respectively, with the former significantly higher than the latter ( Z=48.547, P<0.05). Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was seen in the average annual effective dose for each occupational category of medical application ( H=1 136.217, P<0.05), suggesting that the dose values for the monitored workers in nuclear medicine and interventional radiology were significantly higher than for other four medical categories ( Z=2.877-26.967, P<0.05). These dose values for the radiation workers was 0.361 mSv in tertiary hospitals, 0.397 mSv in secondary hospitals, and 0.308 mSv in primary and unrated hospitals, respectively. The dose values for the monitored workers in industrial radiography and well logging were significantly higher than for other five industrial categories of industrial applications ( Z=4.172-36.908, P<0.05). Conclusions:The average annual effective doses to the of monitored workers meet the relevant national standards. The exposure doses to the workers in nuclear medicine, interventional radiology, industrial radiography and well logging are relatively high. The necessary measures and devices for radiation protection should be further strengthened to reduce occupational exposure of workers.
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The ticks feed large amount of blood from their hosts and transmit pathogens to the victims. The salivary gland plays an important role in the blood feeding. When the female ticks are near engorgement, the salivary gland gradually loses its functions and begins to rapidly degenerate. In this study, data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomics was used to study changes in the phosphorylation modification of proteins during salivary gland degeneration in Haemaphysalis longicornis. In this quantitative study, 400 phosphorylated proteins and 850 phosphorylation modification sites were identified. Trough RNA interference experiments, we found that among the proteins with changes in phosphorylation, apoptosis-promoting Hippo protein played a role in salivary gland degeneration.